Biofuels

JAP is in business of development of various feed stocks for Sustainable & Viable bio fuels production with unique & Vibrant Technologies. We at JAP specializes in Efficient processing of feedstocks like Agri wastes (Rice Straw, Wheat Straw, Maize, Energy Crop, Jatropha cake etc.), Animal Waste (Poultry, Cow Dung), Food, Fruits & Vegetable waste (Cold store, Market, Kitchen, Slaughter house), Industrial waste (Slope, Molasses, Press Mud).

JAP produce biogas based upon Unique & Advance BIMA & CSTR+ Technologies of Anaerobic Digestion process for production of Biogas which can further be processed for generation of Power or Bio-CNG & Bio-CO₂ (food grade quality) alongwith a very potent organic manure. All this is done in a fully automated, semi-auto modes of 2^nd Generation Processes for Bio Ethanol & Biofuels are the best way of reducing the emission of the greenhouse gases. They can also be looked upon as a way of energy security which stands as an alternative of fossil fuels that are limited in availability.

Biogas/BioCNG

The biogas market is about to get bigger, smarter and more profitable. Making the most of the surge in India & elsewhere, demand and advances in biogas technology, businesses must have the right business plan, state-of-the-art equipment and comprehensive information on the latest grants, tax credits, subsidies, laws and regulations. 

JAP's current business is generation of Power & BioCNG with BIMA & CSTR⁺ Technologies based on Anaerobic Digestion process with HRT of 20 to 27 days. The technology is used to produce :

Biogas	10000 m3/day (extendable upto 16000 m3/day)
Green Power	3000 KWe/day
BioCNG	3500 Kgs/day
BioCO2	5500 kgs/day
Organic Manure	60 Tons/day
Carbon credentials	21909 tCO2/annum saving

Raw biogasis utilized for generation of green power which is fed into the Grid at 11 KV. It is also subjected to purification in state of the art LPSA technology based plant to produce BioCNG as per IS 16087:2013 standard. The BioCNG is compressed to high pressures of 150-200 bar for filling into cylinder cascades for safe transportation & used in industry as green & renewable fuel as direct replacement to fossil fuel like Diesel, LPG, CNG etc.

PEDA Biogas Power & BioCNG Plant

1 MW (10000 m³ / day) capacity manure based biogas plant with BIMA Technology.

• Set up in 2004 by UNDP, MNRE (Govt. of India).
• India's first BioCNG/CBG plant - 3MT/Day Capacity.
• World's first BioCO₂ recovery from biogas-5MT/Day Capacity.
• The potential of Carbon footprint Saving is 21909 tCO₂/Annum.
• This is the biggest capacity BioCNG plant in India from Cow dung feedstock.
• For the first time in world BioCO₂ of food grade quality (99.9% purity) will be extracted from this feedstock.

Development of Existing biogas business to advanced biogas process : high intensity industrial biogas plant using advanced Enzymes & Thermophilic process.

Benefits of Biogas/BioCNG

Agricultural
Anaerobic digestion of livestock manure and organic food residuals provides security to the agricultural/ food sector. Several benefits include:

• financial diversification and risk mitigation through energy sales
• implementing strong nutrient management practices
• supporting local processing of agricultural production
• reducing commercial fertilizer requirements and costs

Economic

• The green economy benefits of biogas are considerable and include
• local job creation in technical, manufacturing and construction/trades
• economic development generating billions of dollars of investment in rural communities
• creation of useful by-products from wastes, acting as a significant economic multiplier

Energy
As a source of renewable energy, biogas has unique characteristics and offers many energy end uses. Biogas can

• generate reliable, flexible power 24/7
• manage intermittent renewable power supply through means of storage and flexible power
• improve/support local infrastructure and power quality
• upgrade to renewable natural gas (BioCNG) for injection into the natural gas grid, delivering ‘green’ renewable energy through existing infrastructure
• be compressed for use as transportation fuel, or direct replacement of fossil-sourced natural gas in household heating, or industrial, commercial and institutional processes

Environmental
The environmental benefits of biogas are numerous.

• control weed seed germination, reducing herbicide use
• remove odour-causing compounds
• capture and use of methane, a greenhouse gas 21 times worse than CO₂
• convert high energy waste streams into fuel, diverting them from landfill

Bio-based chemicals:

• Bio fertilizer, bio pesticide & various other formulations
• Exciting pipeline of wide range of bio-based solutions.

BioCO₂ (food grade quality) is produced as byproduct in liquid form at (-)30Deg.C after extraction from the LPSA process and is sold in commercial scale to industry in tankers & cylinders. The anaerobic fermentation substrates are passed through screw presses to generate very potent & pure organic manure. This organic manure is composted in aerobic conditions & sold in bulk & retail to Organic farmers & fruit growers. The plant is India's largest facility on animal waste feedstock for producing biogas & Asia's first for generation of BioCO₂ of food grade quality and is the most recognized facilities in India & Asia, with partnership of Govt. of Punjab.

Increasing energy demand, climate change and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission from fossil fuels make it a high priority to search for low-carbon energy resources. Biofuels represent a key target for the future energy market that can play an important role in maintaining energy security. It is primarily considered as potentially cheap, low carbon energy source.
Biofuels have been increasingly explored as a possible alternative source and in blending to gasoline/petrol for transport. Biofuels are the sustainable & carbon neutral fuels having a great potential for future as total replacement to fossil fuels. Globally lots of endeavors are in progress to tap this potential for Sustainability. Interest in biofuels is increasing for a number of reasons:

• Reduced reliance on fossil fuels.
• Reduction in greenhouse gas emission.
• National security of fuel supply.
• Saving in foreign exchange bio way of lower fossil fuel imports.
• Employment and economic benefits through the development of a new fuel production.
• Development & use of Organic manure as replacement to Chemical fertilizer.

Most of the biofuels are derived from biomass or bio waste. Biomass can be termed as material which is derived from recently living organism. Most of the biomass is obtained from plants and animals and also include their by products. The most important feature of biomass is that they are renewable sources of energy unlike other natural resources like coal, petroleum and even nuclear fuel.

Bioethanol

2G Bio Refineries Lignocellulosic Bioethanol

Preface

With given situation, more than 80% of Paddy/ Rice Strawand other Agricultural wastes are burned in fields in India specially in northern region (Punjab, Haryana & other northern states) due to lack of alternate solutions, time, resources & mind set despite being termed as an illegal activity. This is becoming a majorproblem area having multiple hazardous effects ranging from Health, Environmental, SoilNutrition to National security. Supreme court of India has asked various stakeholders including NGT to pitch in to control this ever-increasing practice despite legal restrictions.

With innovative technology advancements & processes controls, its very much feasible now to convert Paddy/ Rice Strawintothe production of Renewable fuels like BioEthanol, BioCNG and Green Power in an environment friendly manner and also generate a valuable stream of bio chemical& by-products like BioCO₂, pallets, bio manure etc. This also creates additional source of income for farmer, maintaining soil nutrients & generating employment.

BioEthanol of 2^nd Generation (2G) from Non food chain lignocellulosic feedstock like Rice strawholds a unique potential of providing one robust solution to multiple problems likeillegal in-situ burning of rice straw in the fields, Environmental issues arising there upon, additional income to Farmers, Employment generation& fulfilling the National Biofuel Program Target of Bioethanol blending of 10% in Petrol/Gasoline.

JAP has committed & progressive approach to make it a reality for the benefit of mankind today & generations to come vide its Brand Slogan “VIBRANT TECHNOLOGY. RADIANT LIVING.” through Best Global Technology interventions despite the challenges of Costly CAPEX & OPEX alongwith recent reduction in Bioethanol prices.

Bio-Refineries 2^nd Generation (5 no.–Investment of $600-800 Mio.)
JAP has aggressive business plans and stake holder tie ups to induct the 2^nd generation bioethanol in large capacities from mainly rice straw feedstock to increase the country's production of bioethanol & meet the demand as set by MoPNG vide National Biofuel Program (India). Robust plans are in place to set 5 no. Advance Bio refineries of 100 to 250 kl/day capacity of 2G Bioethanol production alongwith 25-65 Ton/day of BioCNG production using world's latest technologies & enzymes cocktails for best in class process yields & environment ratings.

These 5 no.Bio refineries of 2^nd Generation will be located in the northern Indian states of Punjab & Haryana vide phase-1 by year 2020 followed by scale up of 15 more in India & outside India.
There is also ongoing research and development into the use of municipal solid wastes to produce ethanol fuel.

Lignocellulosic biomass based bioethanol – Stats

Target –National Biofuel Program	10% blending by 2022
Status	3.5% by 2016 (1.7% - 2015)
BEST* Proposal	600 million liters (1.5%) by 2022.(Ex.5.0%)  BioEthanol Off take Guarantee by Govt. Oil PSUs
COP-21** Target	30-35% reduction in carbon emission by 2030 Doubling of farmer revenue by 2022
Opportunity	Huge gap in Generation & Demand (2000 million liters-2022)
Challenge	Costly Technology - 7 no. technology providers in world

*BEST : BioEthanol Sustainability Transformation (Govt. scheme)
**COP-21: Conference of Parties - countries that have signed up to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 21st conference in Paris in Dec.'2015 & India signed on 2^nd Oct.' 2016.

Background

India is an agrarian country and generates a large quantity of agricultural wastes. This amount has been increasing, as with growing population there was a need to increase the productivity also. Agricultural residues are the biomass left in the field after harvesting of the economic components i.e., grain. Large quantities of crop residues are generated every year, in the form of cereal straws, woody stalks, and sugarcane leaves/tops during harvest periods.

These residues are used as animal feed, thatching for rural homes, residential cooking fuel and industrial fuel. However, a large portion of the crop residues is not utilized and left in the fields. The disposal of such a large amount of crop residues is a major challenge. To clear the field rapidly and inexpensively and allow tillage practices to proceed unimpeded by residual crop material, the crop residues are burned in situ. Farmers opt for burning because it is a quick and easy way to manage the large quantities of crop residues and prepare the field for the next crop well in time. This time window is 7-10 days for Paddy/ Rice Straw clearing & about 45 days for Wheat straw clearing from the fields.

The crop / agriresidue generated by different crops was grouped in four categories based on the type of crop:

• 1. Cereal (rice, wheat, maize, jowar, bajra, ragi and small millets),
• 2. Oilseeds (groundnut and rapeseed mustard),
• 3. Fibers (jute, mesta and cotton) and
• 4. Sugarcane.

The residue to grain ratio varied 1.5–1.9 for cereal crops, 2.15–3.0 for fiber crops, 2.0–3.0 for oilseed crops and 0.4 for sugarcaneThere is about 620.4 Million tons of agri waste generation in India from the above said four categories. Punjab is second largest producer of Agri waste with 45.6 Million Tons, first being Uttar Pradesh (72 MT). But on the other hand Punjab is no. 1 in agri waste per acre of land cultivation.

The agri waste percentage contribution from different crops & categories is depicted below in pie chart.

Impacts of burning Agri waste in fields (specially Paddy/ Rice Straw)
A. Air Quality Impact

The crop residue burnt onfarm in different states is highly variable depending upon the usage pattern in the respective states. In the present study the fraction of crop residue subjected to burning is upto 80% for rice paddies across the states. In the states of Punjab, Haryana and HimachalPradesh 80% of rice straw was burnt in situ followed by Karnataka (50%) and Uttar Pradesh (25%), which can be attributed to the mechanized harvesting with combine harvesters (Gupta et al., 2003). At present 75–80% of rice-wheat area in Punjab is harvested with combines. For sugar cane trash it was considered that 25% of the trash is burnt in the fields. The amount of residue burned on farm ranged from 98.4 Mt to 131.9 Mt (using IPCC coefficients).

These anthropogenic activities have resulted in an increased emission of radioactively active gases, e.g., Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N2O),popularly known as the 'greenhouse gases'.

The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide were 280±6 ppm, 700±60 ppb and 270±10 ppb between the period 1000 and 1750 AD (IPCC, 2001. Climate change 2001: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change, Report of the Working Group II. Cambridge, UK.) Today, these values have become 402.56 ppm, 1750 ppb and 316 ppb, respectively. So there is considerable change happening& today we are at the 1.4 Deg F above since 1880 with arctic ice reduction by 13.3% per decade, Land ice reduction by 287 billion Mt per year; resulting in sea level rise by 3.39 mm per year. (NASA-Global Climate Change :climate.nasa.gov).

Data charts below highlight the amount of emission of pollutants & GHGs & contributions

B. Loss of Residual Nutrient
Burning of crop residue not only leads to pollution but also results in loss of nutrients present in the residues. The entire amount of C, approximately 80–90% N, 25% of P, 20% of K and 50% of S present in crop residues are lost in the form of various gaseous and particulate matters, resulting in atmospheric pollution (Raison, 1979; Ponnamperuma, 1984; Lefroy, 1994).

It has been well researched that the amount of different nutrients lost due to on farm burning of rice straw, wheat straw and sugarcane trash are enormous. Maximum loss of nutrient was due to sugarcane trash burning followed by rice and wheat straw. Burning of sugar cane trash led to the loss of 0.84 Mt, rice residues 0.45 Mt and wheat residue 0.14 Mt nutrient per year out of which 0.39 Mt was nitrogen,0.014 Mt potassium and 0.30 Mt was phosphorus.

With increase in mechanization of agriculture farm tools &in order to grow more crops in a year, Farmers have increasingly started burning crop residue to vacate their fields & to ready it for the next crop asap as the time window in between harvesting Paddy/ Rice Straw& sowing wheat crop is only 2 weeks max.

In addition to that & on commercial front it leads to Cancellation/delays of Flights, Road Accidents, National Security issues and International pressure for solution to problem. In total India suffers losses to the tune of Billions of Dollars every year by direct & indirect repercussions of this burning fields. Although laws are there to counter the trend, but in the absence of any solution to this waste management the practice of burning is going on unabated.

C. Soil Quality Impact :
Punjab is famous Granary & Food bowl of India. Paddy and Wheat rotation became the main crops here and use of chemical fertilizers particularly NPK nutrients were introduced in 1960s. With MSP support available, farmers in order to get maximum profit; started using excessive NPK as initially this was effective to increase yields. But over a period of time soil condition started to deteriorate. pH of soil started increasing and soon crossed the figure of 8 on alkanity chart. To control rising pH, the use of Gypsum was started. This has 16% Calcium Sulphate and balance is fine rock powder. Sulphur is converted to sulphuric acid which reduces pH but leaves fine powder and calcium carbonate in the soil. Now this powder has formed a crust under the soil and blocked porosity which prevents rain water to percolate down leading to depletion of ground water and cause of flash floods in Punjab. While at the same time calcium carbonate has made our soil and water saline with pH ranging from 7.5 to 9.0. Every year, more than 20 million tonnes (Paddy Production - 10837 KT => 19642 KT Paddy/ Rice Straw ~18MT) of Paddy/ Rice Straw is burnt. Though the government has prohibited burning of rice straw and its stubble, and conducted awareness campaigns, besides issuing strict instructions; the ineffective execution of plans has encouraged farmers to brazenly burn leftover straw. The United States’ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been highlighting the problem and India’s Supreme Court has also taken a serious note of it, but to no avail. Air pollution caused by stubble burning following harvesting of paddy seems to be worsening with every passing year.

World over, the general practice to manage crop residues involve‘Burn, Bury or Bale’ options. Punjab has also taken lead in the country to explore various possibilities to gainfully use this resource with encouraging but limited results due to intrinsic problems.

National BioFuel Program - India

Keeping in view of this worthy waste being wasted in the fields by in-situ burning, to provide additional revenue to farmers and emphasis on achieving energy security for the country with a target of reducing import dependence by 10% by the year 2022; the Govt. of India has been formulating programs for using this Lignocellulosic feedstock for the 2^nd Generation BioEthanol from latest developments in the form of patented technologies.

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) has formed ‘Working group of biofuels’ committee for effective implementation of EthanolBlending Program in India. CCEA (Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs) fixes fuel ethanol price at INR 39.0/liter (delivered at OMC depot). The Oil Marketing Companies(OMCs) have been directed to sell Ethanol Blended Petrol with percentage of ethanol up to 10%and achieve a mandatory target of 5% overall Ethanol blending. So far, the ethanol availability is restricted to fulfill the blending of about 3-4% only.

OMC’s (Oil Marketing Companies) issuedtender for procurement of 2.66 bln Lit of ethanol (~10% blending in CY 2016). Limited molasses availability & demand by industrial/potable sectors poses key challenge in implementing Ethanol blending program target of 10% and 20%. The surplus biomass ~140MMT available in the country is adequate to achieve 20% ethanol blending. Oil ministry & cabinet approves production of bioethanol from cellulosic feedstock. OMCs have included ethanol made cellulosic feedstock in tender. Keeping in view the big demand & supply gap, the MoPNG has recently called upon all Public (OMCs) & Private players to join in the production of 2^nd Generation non food chain feedstock based Lignocellulosic Bio-Ethanol.

MNRE (Ministry of New & Renewable Energy) is working on biofuel scheme for supporting investment in biomass to ethanol projects through Viability Gap Funding (VGF).

BioEthanol

Globally, ethanol is one of the most widely used alternative vehicle fuels due to its popularity in the Americas - in Brazil, most cars are fuelled by sugar cane bioethanol either as pure alcohol or blended with petrol. Low percentage bioethanol blends can be used in spark-ignition engines with little or no modification – 'E10' is 1:9 ethanol/petrol (known as 'gasohol'). High percentage blends require engine modification/recalibration. Bioethanol can also be used in 'duel fuel' diesel vehicles.

There are four generations of BioEthanol. 1st Generation is already in use & 2^nd Generation is in the start of its commercial production journey. Rest 3rd& 4th Generation are yet to develop & lots of R&D and Innovation is going on.

Bioethanol as a vehicle fuel

Bioethanol is well suited for use as a vehicle fuel –it is liquid at room temperature and can be handled in a similar way to conventional fuels. Furthermore, the alcohol has a high octane rating enabling high engine compression ratios that increases engine efficiency and performance. The suitability of alcohol as vehicle fuel is demonstrated by its use as a motor-racing fuel. Compared to petrol, the fuel has low volumetric energy density that results in bioethanol vehicles requiring more fuel per kilometre (by as much as 50%).
Bioethanol can either be used in its pure or 'hydrous' form (4% water by volume) in dedicated vehicles, or as an 'anhydrous' bioethanol-petrol blend.To convert a conventional spark -ignition engine vehicle to pure bioethanol operation requires the adjustment of the timing (and electronic control systems where used) and the fitting of a larger fuel tank due to the fuel's low energy density. As alcohol fuels can degrade certain elastomers and accelerate the corrosion of some metals, some components may also need to be replaced. Used in pure form, bioethanol is difficult to vaporise at low temperatures –E100 vehicles can be therefore difficult to start in cold weather. For this reason, bioethanol is usually blended with a small amount of petrol to improve ignition (E85 is therefore a common high percentage blend).

Low percentage bioethanol blends (up to E10) can be used by most conventional petrol engines (and is covered by most manufacturer's warranties) and may even slightly improve their performance. Indeed, given that bioethanol is increasingly used as an oxygenate additive (to improve combustion) replacing MTBE (being phased out for health reasons), many drivers will have already used bioethanol without being aware of the fact. The use of E5-E10 avoids a barrier to the more widespread use of high percentage blends; the need for a dedicated fuel infrastructure and distribution network. That said, Brazil has successfully demonstrated that distribution and use of medium percentage blends (E20-E25) is possible on a national scale.
One of the most significant recent advances is the development of 'flex-fuel vehicles' (FFVs) that are able to operate on a range of percentage petrol-bioethanol blends up to E85. The engine management system automatically detects which fuel is being used and adjusts the timing accordingly. In 2005/06, Ford, Volvo and Saab launched bioethanol FFV models into the European market –over 15,000 flex-fuel versions of the Ford Focus have already been sold in Sweden, where there are nearly 200 filling stations selling E85 fuel.
Less common but technically feasible is the use of bioethanol in dual-fuel diesel heavy-duty vehicles –known as 'E-diesel' the biofuel is atomised and added to the air intake before mixing and combusting with the diesel. Successful European trials have used fuel emulsions consisting of 80% diesel, 15% bioethanol and 5% solubilising additives. Different Ethanol Fuel blends are as per following table.

Emissions

BioEthanol,either 1G or 2G; is a strong contender for cleaner tail pipe emissions as compared to fossil fuels and withholds a big potential of improvement in emissions.

The primary feedstock Paddy/ Rice Straw is having the following major compositions:

S. No.	Property	Unit	Value
1	GCV	Kcal/kg	3685+/- 185
2	Moisture	% w/w	11.1 +/- 6.3
3	Ash	% w/w	18.4 +/- 2.7
4	Volatile Matter	% w/w	66.6 +/- 1.8
5	Fixed Carbon	% w/w	14.3 +/- 1.0
6	C	% w/w	41.92 +/- 0.16
7	H	% w/w	5.23 +/- 0.02
8	N	% w/w	0.65 +/- 0.03
9	S	% w/w	0.09 +/- 0.002
10	Cl	% w/w	0.59 +/-0.20
11	K reported as K2O	% w/w	2.63 +/- 0.25
12	Al reported as Al2O3	% w/w	0.37 +/- 0.29
13	Ca reported as CaO	% w/w	0.63 +/- 0.10
14	Cr reported as Cr2O3	% w/w	0.005 +/- 0.007
15	Fe reported as Fe2O3	% w/w	0.17 +/- 0.08
16	Mg reported as MgO	% w/w	0.53 +/- 0.2
17	Mn reported as MnO2	% w/w	0.01 +/- 0.01
18	P reported as P2O3	% w/w	0.15 +/- 0.10
19	S reported as SO3	% w/w	0.46 +/- 0.14
20	Si reported as SiO2	% w/w	8.42 +/- 2.21

However JAP will establish the matrix of using other feedstocks & agricultural residues in the PROESA design to avoid dependency on one feedstock in the long run (likeBagasse/ Cane Trash, Corn Stoves/ Cobs, Wheat straw, Cotton stalks etc.) also for various energy crops (like Arundodomax, Napier Grass, Eucalyptus, Poplar, etc).

Sustainable Development Objectives of 2G BioEthanol
These projects successfully fosters sustainable development objectives on regional and national and internationalscale with powerful Sustainability credentials for overall & holistic Upliftment of Social, economic & environmental benefits. Some of these as outlined below:

• Social objectives:

• Improved quality of life – occupational health and safety for farmers.
• Alleviation of poverty through employment generation and increased wages
• New socio economic avenue creation by way of side stream support.
• Sharing of knowledge & information with Co-operative support module at field level.

• Economic Objectives:

• Circular economy module with no wastage.
• Decoupling of economic growth & consumption of finite resources
• Distinguishing & separating technical & biological materials
• Optimising & maintenance of resource stocks
• Providing Innovation on product design & business models
• Establishing a resilient framework in the longer form.
• Quantum jump in base of pyramids Economy.
• Increased investments and returns to industries.
• Positive impact on balance of payments through foreign exchange savings.
• Transfer of new technology and financial resources.
• Generation of employment and income for farmers.
• Creation of new start up industry& first time Entrepreneurs.

• Environmental Objectives:

• Reductionin greenhouse gas emissions.
• Renewable fuels &hence reduction in dependence on imports of fossil fuels.
• Increased energy efficiency and conservation of local resources.
• Improved health and other environmental benefits.
• Sustainable energy production.

Biodiesel

Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petro diesel in any proportions. In India the biofuel policy encouraged the use of renewable energy resources as alternate fuels to supplement transport fuels (petrol and diesel for vehicles) and proposed a target of 20 percent biofuel blending (both bio-diesel and bio-ethanol) by 2017. Diesel engines have become increasingly popular in India and almost half of all newly manufactured cars are diesel powered. This is in part due to the greater efficiency of diesel engines, the desire by consumers to use environmentally friendlier technologies and lower taxes on diesel fuel that make it cheaper than gasoline. JAP is a biofuel producer in India which plans to produce biodiesel. Biodiesel is a key source of renewable, alternative energy.

Waste to Energy

Introduction

Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. Waste-to-energy is a form of energy recovery. Most waste-to-energy processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.

India-Waste Generation Scenario

Every year, about 55 million tones of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 38 million liters of sewage are generated in urban areas of India. In addition, large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are generated by industries. Waste generation in India is expected to increase rapidly in future. As more people migrate in urban areas and as income increase consumption levels are likely to rise, as are rates of waste generation. It is estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase at a per capita rate of approximately 1-1.33% annually. This has significant impacts on the amount of land that is and will be needed for disposal, economic costs of collecting and transporting waste, and the environmental consequences of increase MSW generation levels.

Benefits of Waste to Energy

Most wastes that are generated, find their way into land and water bodies without proper treatment, causing severe water pollution. They also emit greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide, and add to air pollution. Any organic waste from urban and rural areas and industries is a resource due to its ability to get degraded, resulting in energy generation. The problems caused by solid and liquid wastes can be significantly mitigated through the adoption of environment-friendly waste-toenergy technologies that will allow treatment and processing of wastes before their disposal. These measures would reduce the quantity of wastes, generate a substantial quantity of energy from them, and greatly reduce environmental pollution. India's growing energy deficit is making the government central and state governments become keen on alternative and renewable energy sources. Waste to energy is one of these, and it is garnering increasing attention from both the central and state governments.

Waste to energy generates clean, reliable energy from a renewable fuel source, thus reducing dependence on fossil fuels, the combustion of which is a major contributor to GHG emissions. These measures would reduce the quantity of wastes, generate a substantial quantity of energy from them, and greatly reduce pollution of water and air, thereby offering a number of social and economic benefits that cannot easily be quantified.

In addition to energy generation, waste-to-energy can fetch significant monetary benefits. Some of the strategic and financial benefits from waste-to-energy business are:

• Profitability - If the right technology is employed with optimal processes and all components of waste are used to derive value, waste to energy could be a profitable business. When government incentives are factored in, the attractiveness of the business increases further.
• Government Incentives - The government of India already provides significant incentives for waste to energy projects, in the form of capital subsidies and feed in tariffs. With concerns on climate change, waste management and sanitation on the increase (a result of this increasing concern is the newly formed ministry exclusively for Drinking Water and Sanitation), the government incentives for this sector is only set to increase in future.
• Related Opportunities - Success in municipal solid waste management could lead to opportunities in other waste such as sewage waste, industrial waste and hazardous waste. Depending on the technology/route used for energy recovery, eco-friendly and "green" co-products such as charcoal, compost, nutrient rich digestate (a fertilizer) or bio-oil can be obtained. These co-product opportunities will enable the enterprise to expand into these related products, demand for which are increasing all the time.
• Emerging Opportunities - With distributed waste management and waste to energy becoming important priorities, opportunities exist for companies to provide support services like turnkey solutions. In addition, waste to energy opportunities exist not just in India but all over the world. Thus, there could be significant international expansion possibilities for Indian companies, especially expansion into other Asian countries.

India Waste to Energy Potential

According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), there exists a potential of about 1700 MW from urban waste (1500 from MSW and 225 MW from sewage) and about 1300 MW from industrial waste. The ministry is also actively promoting the generation of energy from waste, by providing subsidies and incentives for the projects. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) estimates indicate that India has so far realized only about 2% of its waste-toenergy potential. A market analysis from Frost and Sullivan predicts that the Indian municipal solid waste to energy market could be growing at a compound annual growth rate of 9.7% by 2013.

India - Potential of Energy Recovery from Urban and Industrial Wastes
According to MNRE estimates, there exists a potential of about 1460 MW from MSW and 226 MW from sewage.

State/Union Territory	From Liquid Wastes* (MW)	From Solid Wastes (MW)	Total (MW)
Andhra Pradesh	16.0	107.0	123.0
Assam	2.0	6.0	8.0
Bihar	6.0	67.0	73.0
Chandigarh	1.0	5.0	6.0
Chhattisgarh	2.0	22.0	24.0
Delhi	20.0	111.0	131.0
Gujarat	14.0	98.0	112.0
Haryana	6.0	18.0	24.0
Himachal Pradesh	0.5	1.0	1.5
Jharkhand	2.0	8.0	10.0
Karnataka	26.0	125.0	151.0
Kerala	4.0	32.0	36.0
Madhya Pradesh	10.0	68.0	78.0
Maharashtra	37.0	250.0	287.0
Manipur	0.5	1.5	2.0
Meghalaya	0.5	1.5	2.0
Mizoram	0.5	1.0	1.5
Orissa	3.0	19.0	22.0
Pondicherry	0.5	2.0	2.5
Punjab	6.0	39.0	45.0
Rajasthan	9.0	53.0	62.0
Tamil Nadu	14.0	137.0	151.0
Tripura	0.5	1.0	1.5
Uttar Pradesh	22.0	154.0	176.0
Uttaranchal	1.0	4.0	5.0
West Bengal	22.0	126.0	148.0
Total	226.0	1457.0	1683.0

Source: MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) Government of India

Technologies for the Generation of Energy from Waste

Energy can be recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as non-biodegradable) through thermal, thermo-chemical, biochemical and electrochemical methods.

• (i) Thermal Conversion: The process involves thermal degradation of waste under high temperature. In this complete oxidation of the waste occurs under high temperature. The major technological option under this category is incineration. But incineration has been losing attention these days because of its emission characteristics.
• (ii) Thermo-chemical conversion: This process entails high temperature driven decomposition of organic matter to produce either heat energy or fuel oil or gas. They are useful for wastes containing high percentage of organic non-biodegradable matter and low moisture content. The main technological options under this category include Pyrolysis and Gasification. The products of these processes (producer gas, exhaust gases etc) can be used purely as heat energy or further processed chemically, to produce a range of end products.
• (iii) Bio-chemical conversion: This process is based on enzymatic decomposition of organic matter by microbial action to produce methane gas, and alcohol etc. This process, on the other hand, is preferred for wastes having high percentage of organic, bio-degradable (putrescible) matter and high level of moisture/ water content, which aids microbial activity. The major technological options under this category are anaerobic digestion (bio-methanation) and fermentation. Of the two, anaerobic digestion is the most frequently used method for waste to energy, and fermentation is emerging.

Indian Government Support for Waste to Energy

The Indian Government has recognized waste to energy as a renewable technology and supports it through various subsidies and incentives. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is actively promoting all the technology options available for energy recovery from urban and industrial wastes. MNRE is also promoting the research on waste to energy by providing financial support for R&D projects on cost sharing basis in accordance with the R&D Policy of the MNRE. In addition to that, MNRE also provides financial support for projects involving applied R&D and studies on resource assessment, technology up-gradation and performance evaluation.

Major Constraints Faced by the Indian Waste to Energy Sector

The growth of this sector has been affected on account of the following limitations/ constraints:

• Waste-to-Energy is still a new concept in the country;
• Most of the proven and commercial technologies in respect of urban wastes are required to be imported;
• The costs of the projects especially based on biomethanation technology are high as critical equipment for a project is required to be imported.
• In view of low level of compliance of MSW Rules 2000 by the Municipal Corporations/ Urban Local Bodies, segregated municipal solid waste is generally not available at the plant site, which may lead to non-availability of waste-to-energy plants.
• Lack of financial resources with Municipal Corporations/Urban Local Bodies.
• Lack of conducive policy guidelines from State Governments in respect of allotment of land, supply of garbage and power purchase / evacuation facilities.

References:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste-to-energy
• http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/wte.html
• http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/wte/wte.html

Visit us on: www.gcpcenvis.nic.in

Technology Analysis

Pyrolysis

Technology Description:
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of Waste into liquids, gases, and char(solid residue) in the complete absence of oxygen.

Challenges

• Bio oil stability
• Moisture content
• Can't sell bio-oil directly in market



EnvironmentalCredentials


• Air Pollution: Medium
• Water Pollution: Medium
• Dioxins are produced at 250-600 degC,hence the exhaust should be treated before releasing to atmosphere.



CAPEX and OPEX


• Higher compared to Biogas
• Return depends on bio-oil and char yield



Proven Technology & Technology Providers


• In India and Abroad: Yes ,proven technology for running on coal, tyre, plastics, rubber and biomass etc.
• Abroad: Proven technology for running on MSW
• India: No success story of plant running on MSW



Biogas



Technology Description:
Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which micro-organisms metabolize biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas and manure.




Challenges


• Long retention period
• Maintaining optimum C/N ratio
• Slow production rate of biogas
• Presence of chemical in MSW can harm the process



EnvironmentalCredentials


• Air Pollution: Low
• Water Pollution: Medium
• Environmentally sound technology
• Biogas leakage may lead to safety hazard



CAPEX and OPEX


• Relatively lower
• Return depends on Power tariff



Proven Technology & Technology Providers


• In India and Abroad: Yes, proven technology for running on animal waste, market waste, slaughter house waste, segregated MSW



Plasma Gasification



Technology Description:


• Extreme Temperature: over 4,000 degC
• Higher process efficiency
  40 MW gross from 500 TPD of RDF
• Very concentrated heat
• More energy efficient compared to incineration
• Very Low land use



Challenges


• High auxiliary power consumption
• Very high cost
• Arc stabilization
• Requires highly skilled labor



EnvironmentalCredentials


• Air Pollution : Medium
• Water Pollution: Medium
• Exhaust gas must be treated(for SOx, NOx, Dioxin, Furans) before releasing to atmosphere
• Inert slag



CAPEX and OPEX


• Higher compared to Pyrolysis and Biogas
• Return depends on Power tariff



Proven Technology & Technology Providers


• Proven Technology: NASA, Hitachi, GM etc.
• Commercially in operation for over 20 years
• First commercial use of MSW as feedstock was in 1999
• In India: There are plants in Pune, Nagpur.



Waste Management in India

Current Status of SWM in Urban India



Source: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138591, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests




Waste Characteristics

Waste Composition (Bulk)

Compostable	Recyclables	Moisture
65-70%	17-20%	60-65%




Waste Composition (Detail)

City groups (Population)	Food	Garden	Paper	Wood	Textiles	Nappies	Plastics, other inert
1000,000 to 5000,000	54.39%	18.94%	6.95%	3.30%;	2.79%	0.00%	13.65%
Above 5000,000	44.80%	18.32%	6.58%	4.20%	3.81%	0.00%	22.34%




Waste Chemical Composition

C	H	O	N	S	Ash
46.25%	6.18%	40.58%	0.43%	0.18%	6.39%




Waste Generation Rate

City groups (Population)	gm/capita/day
1000,000 to 5000,000	423
Above 5000,000	485




List of cities with more than 500 TPD waste generation*

State	City	TPD
DELHI	Delhi	9000
ANDHRA PRADESH	Hyderabad	3500
MAHARASHTRA	Pune	2500
GUJARAT	Surat	2000
RAJASTHAN	Jaipur	1500
UTTAR PRADESH	Lucknow	1500
UTTAR PRADESH	Ghaziabad	1000
MADHYA PRADESH	Indore	1000
MADHYA PRADESH	Bhopal	1000
PUNJAB	Ludhiana	800
UTTAR PRADESH	Varanasi	800

State	City	TPD
GUJARAT	Rajkot	800
MADHYA PRADESH	Jabalpur	800
MAHARASHTRA	Vasai VirarCity	500
UTTAR PRADESH	Allahabad	500
MAHARASHTRA	Aurangabad	500
PUNJAB	Amritsar	500
RAJASTHAN	Jodhpur	500
CHHATTISGARH	Raipur	500
MADHYA PRADESH	Gwalior	500
CHANDIGARH	Chandigarh	500
RAJASTHAN	Kota	500




*This is approximate value based on 2011 population data




Key Challenges – SWM projects

• Delay in project implementation (longer gestation period)
• Delay in land acquisition and R&R issues
• Delays in obtaining statutory approvals from government ministries and departments
• Delay in provision of funds from ULBs
• Waste Supply Security
• Non-supply of committed quantity / quality of waste to the plant by the municipal authority
• Presence of inert -dust & C and D waste in MSW delivered for processing, making the operations difficult and very expensive.
• Poor project design & structuring
• Lack of due diligence on the part of investor and public sector.
• No firm market for sale of compost / RDF
• Limited focus on waste collection and segregation at source
• Payment security & dispute resolution
• Lack of financial viability of the project etc.
• Lack of coordination among stakeholders involved in waste management value chain
• Public outcry against the location of the plant / protest from local residents
• Lack of standard PPP model framework

Hydro Energy

Hydropower

Energy in India is sourced predominantly by fossil fuels, followed by nuclear power, biomass (wood and biofuels), wind, hydro and solar. Hydropower has been used for generating electricity, it is the most widely used renewable energy source for generating electricity worldwide. Hydropower will play an even greater role as a base load in an energy mix where more electricity will be generated from renewable energy sources. It can contribute to balancing the fluctuations in generation which arise through the use of weather-dependent solar and wind energy, and therefore enable a stable electricity supply from renewable energy sources.

Hydropower generates consistent, clean, renewable energy and reduces the country's dependency on fossil fuel usage.

Our designers and engineers are experts in their field and they are dedicated to helping landowners to generate revenue from their rivers by installing hydropower technology.

Benefits of choosing Hydropower to generate renewable electricity include:

• Financially Rewarding
• Increased property value
• Low maintenance, long life span
• Consistent all year round power
• Seasonal Energy Demand
• Low Carbon
• Proven Fish friendly (Archimedes Screw)

Hydrokinetics

Hydrokinetic technologies use the power of moving water – ocean waves or currents in canals, rivers, and tidal channels - to produce electricity. The power of tidal, river, and ocean currents and ocean waves is tremendous, and the basic concept behind hydrokinetic power is not new. For centuries people have harnessed the power of river currents by installing water wheels of various sorts to turn shafts or belts.

Modern ocean wave energy conversion machines use new technology that is designed to operate in high amplitude waves, and modern tidal/river/ocean current hydrokinetic machines use new technology that is designed to operate in fast currents. Both of these emerging technologies have the potential to provide significant amounts of affordable electricity with low environmental impact given proper care in siting, deployment, and operation.

Archimedean Screw

The Archimedes screw, also called the Archimedean screw or banana, is a machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation ditches. Water is pumped by turning a screw-shaped surface inside a pipe. The screw was used predominately for the transport of water to irrigation systems and for draining water out of mines or other areas of low-lying water. It was used for draining land that was underneath the sea. Archimedes screws are used in sewage treatment plants because they cope well with varying rates of flow and with suspended solids.

Clean Fuel

"Clean fuels" are fuels that have a lower carbon intensity than the standard for the fuel it replaces. Examples of clean fuels include most types of ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas, biogas, BioCNG, electricity, propane and hydrogen.

Carbon intensity is lifecycle emissions (sometimes called "well-to-wheels") and refers to how much total pollution is generated in the production, transport, storage and use of a fuel in a vehicle.

This includes the pollution created from extraction of crude oil or from growing and harvesting crops for biofuels.

JAP is in operation of the Bio-CNG at PEDA High Rate Biomethanation Plant, Haibowal Ludhiana
Biogas is a renewable source of energy as generated from various Organic matters, most commonly from Animal waste named as Cow Dung/Cow Manure. Millions of cubic meters of methane in the form of swamp gas or biogas are produced every year by the decomposition of organic matter, both Animal waste and Vegetable/Biomass.India is 13th largest gas consumer in the world & 6th largest LNG importer. Domestic production meets only 84% of demand which is ever growing.

“ Country wide Shortfall in Natural gas & Electricity Biogas can bridge the gap”
Biogas is produced from Cow Dung as sourced from the adjoining Haibowal Dairy complex having a population of more than 60,000 cattles. Process adopted is anaerobic digestion into two BIMA (Biogas Induced Mixing Arrangement) fermenters of 5000 m³ capacity each. Design production capacity of biogas is 10,000 m³/day with intake of 235 tons of cow dung. The Biogas Produced has 55% methane, 44% carbon dioxide (CO₂), with some moisture &Sulphur traces.

Raw Biogas into converted into BioCNG (purified/upgraded Biogas), which has similar fuel properties as that of LPG &CNG but is Cleaner & Renewable in nature as a Better, Sustainable & Viable alternative fuel.

BioCNG plant is based on L-PSA (Low Pressure Swing Adsorbers) technology. This process will have the following input & output properties :









Inlet raw biogas composition :

• Flow = 350 Nm³/hr
• CH₄ = 55%
• H₂S = <1%
• CO₂ = 44%
• Pressure = 0.5 Kg/cm²g
• Calorific Value = 5,150 Kcal/Kg.

Outlet purified biogas composition :

• Flow = Up to 220Nm³/hr
• CH₄ = Up to 95%
• H₂S = Nil (not traceable)
• CO₂ = ~4%
• Pressure = 0.2 kg/cm²g
• Calorific Value = upto 12,325 Kcal/Kg.(LPG 11,900 Kcal/Kg)

Outlet Carbon Dioxide composition :

• CO₂ = upto 99.99% - Food Grade.

Raw Biogas will be cleaned from hydrogen sulphide and moisture in various stages. Thereafter it will be purified/upgraded by passing it through different layers of Zeolite Membranes to achieve the desired purity of upto 96% & in turn the Carbon Dioxide (majority of rest gas content) is separated gas. This step of purification/up gradation of Biogas is termed as first phase. This resultant & purified biogas will be stored in a double membrane balloon (one of its kind) & then transferred to High Pressure multistage compressors for bottling in cylinders placed in cascade for sales thereof.

The next phase deals with the separated carbon dioxide, which will also be recovered by means of purification and liquefaction plant after treatment with a hydrogen-sulphide removal system to eliminate the pollutants. Extracted sulpher will be mixed in bio manure as value addition. Before liquefaction the CO₂gas is passed through an activated carbon filter to remove any and all entailing impurities. CO₂ is then liquefied and taken through a specialized separation process where remaining methane is separated& the same is fed back to the PSA system ensuring almost no methane slip. The process consists of boiling and stripping the carbon dioxide of the remaining methane. 99.99% pure liquid carbon dioxide is the output &stored in a PUF insulated tank system. The carbon dioxide can be filled in cylinders by means of filling station or in a mobile storage tank.

This technology has the following salient features :

• Sustainability – Lowest Energy & water use.
• Less than 1% methane slip (Best in the world).
• Zero discharge / Hazardous Emission technology.
• Footprint – Most compact plant.
• Plug & Play technology – Fast start up time.
• Up time - 355-360 days/Year (Best ever).
• O&M – Simple & Efficient.

This plant of Bio-CNG is the biggest capacity project in India on cow dung feed stock.

Also the CO₂ recovery project on biogas up gradation plant will be first in the World with following Major benefits :

• Technology Demonstration :

• Demonstration to scale of Biggest Plant in India on Cow Dung feedstock.
• Demonstration of Unique & first time in world recovery of food grade Bio-CO₂.
• Show casing successful & viable BioCNG project.

• Environment Protection :

• Replacement of 1100 tons/annum of LPG & 1300 K.Lits/annum of HSD with Renewable BioCNG clean fuel.
• Saving of Carbon Foot print of 22,000 tCO₂/annum.
• Utilization of 85,000 tons/annum of cow dung.

• Reduction in cake making practices resulting in cleaner surroundings & cleaner environment.
• Reduction of pollutant flow in Buddha Nullah due to 100% Plant Capacity Utilization.

• Social Impact :

• Motivation to Entrepreneurs/Business Houses for putting up such viable plants.
• Replication of similar plants in Punjab & elsewhere in India benefitting social economics & creation of jobs.
• Better payouts to feed stock suppliers improving their economic.
• Employment – Indirect/Direct to 100 persons in both up& down streams.

• Futuristic trend setting :

• BioCNG in automobiles (Public Transport – Autos, Cars & Buses) for Efficient & Cleaner exhaust gases protecting environment.
• Opportunity for biotechnology to evolve more & boost this Biogas sector.
• Testing of Liquefied Bio-CO₂ use as dry ice.
• Testing of Liquefied Bio-CO₂ as Milk Chillers for maintaining the nutrient values & reduction of wastage of milk.

JAP has committed plan of action for introducing the BioCNG in Transport & Automobiles sectors as clean fuel alternative. First opportunity is the 3 no. proposed SMART CITIES– Ludhiana. Amritsar & Chandigarh

JAP is developing a business Model to convert all HSD Autos & Public transport buses to BioCNG renewable fuel within 2 years time in these smart cities & accordingly scale up the production of BioCNG capacities for catering the demand.
Our Dream is to build a BioCNG Gas Highway for 500kms in phase-1 where all Petrol stations to have BioCNG dispensing stations too to meet the growing demand of clean fuels & replacement of Diesel.

Trans Mobility

A. TRANSMobility : Cable Car

JAP has been researching on the most common problems which people face on every day & every time. One of this identified problem is Mobility for common man from point A to Point B. We found following major issues w.r.t. today's scenario in India's Metro & smaller cities :

• Higher Demand to be Mobile,
• Fewer Options,
• Inefficient & erratic public transport
• Pedestrians Neglected
• More prosperity, More Vehicles
• More pollution
• Fewer Roads
• Metro / Mono-rail not of much help.

Keeping all this in focus, The Solution to these ever rising problems is a relatively simple & fun filled in the form of SMART MOBILITY by CABLE CAR.

B. Solution :
The most efficient, viable, safe & practically feasible in short time solution is to go for Cable Car Mobility which has proven track record.

1. Top 10 Urban Innovations : The Cable Car - World Economic Forum 2015

2. Cable Cars: USP - Top 10 benefits for today's Urban Transportation challenges

• Smart, Fast, Safe &Efficient
• Price Competitive with existing mode of transportation
• Safe & conforms to stringent European safety standards
• Minimal land requirement (steel pillars & overhead stations)
• Fast implementation (10-12 months) from the word GO
• Overhead Operations & fun factor (tourism potential)
• Environment Friendly – Renewable energy powered.
• Easy Operation & Maintenance, Life span upto 50 years
• World Class Technological adaptability

3. Application
a. Urban Traffic - Operates in Medellin (Columbia)

b. Natural or Man-made obstacles cleared easily - Sentosa Island, Singapore since 1974

c. Mountain Traffic – All around the year & in all weathers (France)

d. Urban Traffic - Cross Natural and Man-made Objects including Rivers, Lakes &Harbors

e. Urban Traffic - Stations on top / on ground level as required

f. Urban Traffic- Broad line Comparative .Summary : Lower investments, cheapest cost per person per km

4. The Construction of a Cable Car ropeway - Typical Project workflow - step by step

5. Different Options as Per Requirement - From 2000 people per hour, Wind speeds 100 kmph

6. Towers of your design, upto 3 km apart - Turning stations to change directions as required

7. Environmentally Friendly - From 2000 people per hour, Wind speeds 100 kmph

8. Consistent Travel Time -From 2000 people per hour, Wind speeds 100 kmph

• One km in 2 minutes
• No traffic jams
• Up to 6,000 people per hour per direction
• All weather operation
• Internal A/C + heating
• Wi-fi enabled
• Mobile app enabled